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Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol

RTOP

OVERVIEW
Overview
Listed below is general information about the instrument.
Summary
Original author(s)

  • Sawada, D., Piburn, M. D., Judson, E., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., & Bloom, I.

  • Piburn, M., Sawada, D., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., Bloom, I., & Judson, E.
Original publication

  • Sawada, D., Piburn, M. D., Judson, E., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., & Bloom, I. (2002). Measuring reform practices in science and mathematics classrooms: The reformed teaching observation protocol. School science and mathematics, 102(6), 245-253.

  • Piburn, M., Sawada, D., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., Bloom, I., & Judson, E. (2000). Reformed teaching observation protocol (RTOP) reference manual. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Collaborative for Excellence in the Preparation of Teachers.
Year original instrument was published 2002, 2000
Inventory
Number of items 25
Number of versions/translations 3
Cited implementations 8
Language
  • English
Country United States
Format
  • Response Scale
  • Observation Protocol
Intended population(s)
  • Teachers
  • Pre-service
  • Preschool
  • Primary School
  • Elementary
  • Secondary School
  • Middle School
  • High School
  • In-service Teachers
  • Students
  • Undergraduate
  • Faculty
  • Tertiary
Domain
  • Behavioral
  • Observation
Topic
Evidence
The CHIRAL team carefully combs through every reference that cites this instrument and pulls all evidence that relates to the instruments’ validity and reliability. These data are presented in the following table that simply notes the presence or absence of evidence related to that concept, but does not indicate the quality of that evidence. Similarly, if evidence is lacking, that does not necessarily mean the instrument is “less valid,” just that it wasn’t presented in literature. Learn more about this process by viewing the CHIRAL Process and consult the instrument’s Review (next tab), if available, for better insights into the usability of this instrument.

Information in the table is given in four different categories:
  1. General - information about how each article used the instrument:
    • Original development paper - indicates whether in which paper(s) the instrument was developed initially
    • Uses the instrument in data collection - indicates whether an article administered the instrument and collected responses
    • Modified version of existing instrument - indicates whether an article has modified a prior version of this instrument
    • Evaluation of existing instrument - indicates whether an article explicitly provides evidence that attempt to evaluate the performance of the instrument; lack of a checkmark here implies an article that administered the instrument but did not evaluate the instrument itself
  2. Reliability - information about the evidence presented to establish reliability of data generated by the instrument; please see the Glossary for term definitions
  3. Validity - information about the evidence presented to establish reliability of data generated by the instrument; please see the Glossary for term definitions
  4. Other Information - information that may or may not directly relate to the evidence for validity and reliability, but are commonly reported when evaluating instruments; please see the Glossary for term definitions
Publications: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

General
Original development paper ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Uses the instrument in data collection ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Modified version of existing instrument ✔ ✔
Evaluation of existing instrument ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Reliability
Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency
Coefficient (Cronbach's) alpha ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
McDonald's Omega
Inter-rater reliability ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Person separation
Generalizability coefficients
Other reliability evidence

Validity
Expert judgment
Response process
Factor analysis, IRT, Rasch analysis ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Differential item function
Evidence based on relationships to other variables ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Evidence based on consequences of testing
Other validity evidence

Other information
Difficulty
Discrimination
Evidence based on fairness
Other general evidence
Review
This instrument has not yet been reviewed by the CHIRAL team. If you would like to suggest this instrument to be reviewed, please let us know by using the CHIRAL Feedback page.
Versions
Listed below are all versions and modifications that were based on this instrument or this instrument were based on.
Instrument is derived from:
Name Authors
Postsecondary Instructional Practices Survey

  • Walter, E.M., Henderson, C.R., Beach, A.L., & Williams, C.T.
Instrument has been modified in:
Name Authors
Postsecondary Instructional Practices Survey

  • Walter, E.M., Henderson, C.R., Beach, A.L., & Williams, C.T.
Electronic Quality Of Inquiry Protocol

  • Marshall, J.C., Smart, J., & Horton, R.M.
Korean Teaching Observation Protocol

  • Park, J., Park, Y. S., Kim, Y., & Jeong, J. S.
Citations
Listed below are all literature that develop, implement, modify, or reference the instrument.

  1. Sawada, D., Piburn, M. D., Judson, E., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., & Bloom, I. (2002). Measuring reform practices in science and mathematics classrooms: The reformed teaching observation protocol. School science and mathematics, 102(6), 245-253.

  2. Piburn, M., Sawada, D., Turley, J., Falconer, K., Benford, R., Bloom, I., & Judson, E. (2000). Reformed teaching observation protocol (RTOP) reference manual. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Collaborative for Excellence in the Preparation of Teachers.

  3. Philipp, S.B., Johnson, D.K., & Yezierski, E.J. (2014). Development of a protocol to evaluate the use of representations in secondary chemistry instruction. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 15(4), 777-786.

  4. Herrington, D. G., Yezierski, E. J., Luxford, K. M., & Luxford, C. J. (2011). Target inquiry: Changing chemistry high school teachers' classroom practices and knowledge and beliefs about inquiry instruction. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 12(1), 74-84.

  5. Jacobs, C. L., Martin, S. N., & Otieno, T. C. (2008). A Science Lesson Plan Analysis Instrument for formative and summative program evaluation of a teacher education program. Science Education, 92(6), 1096–1126. doi.org/10.1002/sce.20277

  6. Yezierski, E.J., & Herrington, D.G. (2011). Improving practice with target inquiry: High school chemistry teacher professional development that works. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 12(3), 344-354.

  7. Lund, T. J., Pilarz, M., Velasco, J. B., Chakraverty, D., Rosploch, K., Undersander, M., & Stains, M. (2015). The best of both worlds: Building on the COPUS and RTOP observation protocols to easily and reliably measure various levels of reformed instructional practice. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 14(2), ar18.

  8. Park, S., Jang, J.-Y., Chen, Y.-C., & Jung, J. (2010). Is Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Necessary for Reformed Science Teaching?: Evidence from an Empirical Study. Research in Science Education, 41(2), 245-260.